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How to convert 4-20 mA to 0 - 5v or 0 - 10v and vice versa? and why do we need to convert them?

We all know sensors play a vital role in Automation/Process control. The output of sensors is fed to a controller so that we can consider them as interrupts and automate a process. There are two types of sensors, * Digital/Discrete sensors : Where the output will be either 0 or 24v. Examples of digital sensors are Proximity sensors, Digital level sensors(Float), and etc. * Analog Sensors: Where the output of sensors will vary. Example: Ultrasonic sensors, Flowmeters, temperature sensors like RTD, etc. The latter helps us to understand real-world parameters. For instance, if you want to measure temperature it can't be either 0 deg or 100 deg it will be variable. Hence sensors used to capture real-world parameters are termed analog sensors. Every PLC's Analog module differs, some of them accept 4-20 mA some of them accept only 0 to 5v or 0 - 10v. So does the sensor's output, some of the sensors have 4 - 20 mA as output. some of them have voltage outputs. Here is where w...

How does Variable Frequency Drives work?

A variable frequency drive is a power electronics-based device that converts a basic fixed frequency, fixed voltage sine wave power to a variable frequency. It regulates the speed of a three-phase induction motor by controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. Variable frequency drives are also known as adjustable frequency drives(AFD), variable speed drives(VSD), and AC drives. Operation (Source of images are Google: they are used only for knowledge purpose) VFD consists of mainly four parts- rectifier, intermediate DC link, inverter, and controlling system: 1. Rectifier It is the first stage of a variable frequency drive. It converts AC power from mains to DC power. This section can be unidirectional or bidirectional based on the application used like the four-quadrant operation of the motor. It utilizes diodes, SCR’s, transistors, and other electronic switching devices. 2. DC bus DC power from the rectifier is fed to th...

Compressors and their applications

The compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. It is used to increase the pressure of air from low pressure to high pressure by using some external energy. Compressors are similar to pumps: which increase the pressure on a fluid and can transport the fluid through a pipe. Types of compressors 1. Rotary screw compressor Rotary air compressors are positive displacement compressors. The most common rotary air compressor is the single-stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw air compressor. These compressors consist of two rotors within a casing where the rotors compress the air internally. There are no valves. These units are basically oil cooled (with air-cooled or water-cooled oil coolers) where the oil seals the internal clearances. Since the cooling takes place right inside the compressor, the working parts never experience extreme operating temperatures. The rotary compressor...

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